Canada new magnet for U.S. job hunters


From Thursday's Globe and Mail

Canada’s stronger economy is becoming a magnet for Americans hunting for work.
In a reversal of historical flows, immigration lawyers report a surge of calls from Americans who want to move north. Statistics bear out their observations: A record number of Americans applied for temporary work visas last year, Immigration Canada statistics show, spurred largely by the contrasting health of the two countries’ labour markets.
On one side of the border, 14 million Americans are out of work – the equivalent of more than 40 per cent of Canada’s population. On the other side, some employers – particularly in Alberta’s oil sector – say they can’t find enough skilled workers, prompting the country’s federal immigration minister to publicly muse last month on how to admit more skilled Americans.
The U.S. jobless rate is 9.1 per cent while Canada’s comparable rate – adjusted to U.S. concepts – is just 6.3 per cent, statistics released last week show.
“It’s reverse brain drain,” says Toronto-based immigration lawyer Sergio Karas. “There are a lot of disgruntled people who say ‘America is letting me down.’”
He sees several shifts – Canadians who married Americans and live in the U.S. are now returning to Canada because of better job prospects in professional areas like law and finance. And more Americans, from the Northeast and California in particular, are setting their sights on Canada for its work opportunities and other factors such as affordable health care, a stronger banking system and stable housing market.
Paul DeJoe is one of them. The 29-year-old tried for years to drum up interest in his business idea in Philadelphia to no avail. He moved to Vancouver this summer to participate in an incubator program that focuses on Internet startups. He says there’s a bigger flow of ideas, and more seed money, available to them now that they’re based in Canada.
“It looks like we will become a Canadian company – we have access to a bunch more opportunities. And it’s really nice here and we’ve had a great experience thus far,” says Mr. DeJoe, founder of Ecquire, which provides software that helps users eliminate data entry.
Canada’s stability is increasingly on the global radar. Last week, Forbes magazine named it as the best place in the world to do business. In the lead-up to every presidential election, “countless Americans threaten to move to Canada if their preferred candidate does not emerge victorious. Of course, few follow through with a move north,” it noted. “Maybe it is time to reconsider.”
Windsor, Ont.-based immigration lawyer Drew Porter is also seeing history reverse itself. He is fielding more calls from high-net-worth Americans who are worried their taxes are set to rise. “I’ve been doing this for 20 years now, and always the calls were from people that did well in Canada and wanted to move to the U.S. to increase their standard of living and minimize their income taxes,” he says. “It’s quite noteworthy to me that now I’m getting calls from the U.S. interested in Canada for the same reasons.”
A typical caller is from a rural setting, who is a higher earner and interested in preserving their net worth and concerned about potential tax hikes, he says. Still, he notes, many callers are misinformed about the ease of coming to Canada and are soon deterred by red tape.
Luring skilled American workers to Canada is on the federal government’s radar, as well. Immigration Minister Jason Kenney recently noted Canada could do more to tap into America’s skilled labour market.
“We are looking at ways … that we could do a better job of accessing unemployed American labour,” he told the Calgary Chamber of Commerce last month. “We think particularly in the energy industry, that might be a significant solution to some of the emerging labour market shortages.”
The U.S. has ranked first among homelands for temporary foreign workers in Canada since 2008. Last year, the number of American citizens applying for temporary work permits doubled to 4,024, from 1,974 applications in 2008.
Judith Jones is mulling the move. The New York resident is no stranger to Canada – she lived in Toronto before returning to work in the U.S. in 1995.
She held a variety of jobs in the financial sector until her job at Deutsche Bank’s compliance department evaporated in 2008. Since then, she has struggled to find work in the sector that matches her 23 years of experience, and has watched her salary dwindle.
“Most of us in the financial industry who did banking like I did, we never expected Wall Street to crash,” she says. “I’ve since found out Canada did not have the recession we did to nearly to the same extent, and has better regulations. Unlike the U.S., you didn’t play around with the mortgage industry. That’s why it’s so attractive.”
She’s still healthy at age 47, but said Canada’s health care is another attraction as she sets her sights north.
She’s not alone. Last month, a New York radio segment on Looking for Work in Canada on The Brian Lehrer Show was flooded with calls and featured comparisons of the two countries’ banking systems, employment situation and health-care systems.
New York’s office of the state comptroller forecast this week that the city could lose almost 10,000 additional jobs by the end of next year, which would bring total job losses in the securities sector to 32,000 since the start of 2008.
By contrast, total global employment by Canadian banks hit a record of more than 360,000 last year, while the lobby group the Toronto Financial Service Alliance is holding a career fair in New York this month to attract top American talent.
Philip Turner isn’t packing his bags yet – but he is gearing his business more towards Canada. The book publisher is based in New York, and has long brought Canadian books, by authors such as Margaret Atwood and Mordecai Richler, to the U.S. market. Now, he is making more business trips to Toronto to drum up business.
“I am trying to develop business in Canada with Canadians,” he says. “There is a little more buzz in Canada right now than is the case here.”
_____________________
LOOKING FOR WORK
It’s not just Americans who are looking with envy at Canada’s comparatively stable economy.
Greeks and Irish too are vying to move to Canada amid dim job prospects in their own countries, according to immigration lawyers.
“I don’t speak Greek, but I am getting phone calls right now, and I think it’s going to intensify as the situation is only going to get worse,” says Toronto-based lawyer Sergio Karas.
In Windsor, Ont., lawyer Drew Porter says he has had “an awful lot of calls from Ireland over the past year-and-a-half.”
The number of temporary work applicants from Ireland nearly doubled between 2007 and 2010 and more than doubled from Spain, according to Immigration Canada. It has dwindled from Greece – however the numbers don’t capture activity this year.

Asian immigration driving Canada’s positive dietary trends, report finds

By RANDY SHORE, Vancouver Sun October 18, 2011 4:04 PM



Canada’s growing Asian population is exerting a powerful influence on the nation’s dietary trends, from eating more fruit to consuming less beef, according to a newly released market study.
Canadians are eating 703 million fewer servings of potatoes per year than they were in 2001 and 297 million more servings of rice, according to Eating Patterns in Canada (EPIC), a study by market-research firm NPD Group.
The popularity of beef is waning — down 384 million meals a year over the past decade — while seafood and pork consumption is increasing steadily, by 248 million and 372 million meals a year respectively, according to food and beverage analyst Joel Gregoire.
Asian Canadians are also more likely to reach for fruit as a snack than Canadians as a whole. The Asian population tends to snack more than other cultures, averaging 309 snacks per year per person — the national average is 291 — choosing fruit 38 per cent of the time, compared to just 30 per cent for all Canadians.
The share of immigrants to Canada coming from Asia has risen from 14 per cent in 1981 to 45 per cent forecast for 2011, he said, adding there is little doubt that population has had an impact on the way all Canadians eat.
“Rice, to no one’s surprise, is very popular with Asian consumers, but when we take a step back we can see rice growing overall in Canada and potatoes declining,” Gregoire said. “Potatoes are still eaten more often, but [they’re] on a downward trend.”
The trend lines indicate some convergence in the eating habits of all Canadians, he said.
“We still do see big differences in what Asian Canadians eat as well,” he said. Asian consumers are less likely to eat beef, fuelling an overall decline in the amount of beef eaten by the so-called “average” Canadian.
Pork, seafood and poultry are all popular with Asians, Gregoire said.
“Whether that is bleeding over into the rest of the community is hard to say, but the sheer size of the immigrant community from Asia is impacting [those sales],” he said.
“We recognize that there is incredible diversity within the category of Asian Canadians — people of Chinese, Indian and Filipino descent — but for our purposes here we have combined them to see these larger trends,” Gregoire said.
NPD Group maintains a rolling sample of 3,000 Canadians, who report a full week of their eating and drinking behaviour to provide consumption data for analysis.
“We are able to get a pretty good picture of eating behaviour in Canada,” said Gregoire. “We are in the field 52 weeks a year.”
NPD Group provides market analysis to food and beverage companies, which use detailed data about Canadians eating habits — what they eat and drink, when they do so and where — to ensure they are well-positioned to exploit emerging markets.
“Food manufacturers need to understand what the flavour profiles are that will resonate with [Asian] consumers,” Gregoire said. “Asian consumers are far more likely to eat tropical fruits, for instance.”
rshore@vancouversun.com


Read more: http://www.vancouversun.com/health/Asian+immigration+driving+Canada+positive+dietary+trends+report+finds/5569668/story.html#ixzz1bBC89q3B

Canadians still support high immigration levels: study


Date: Tuesday Oct. 18, 2011 5:49 PM ET
Most Canadians support ongoing high levels of immigration -- but those who don't are more likely to be immigrants, Conservatives, women or the elderly, according to a study released Tuesday.
The study, released by Montreal's Institute for Research on Public Policy (IRPP), found that overall, Canada remains a consistently welcoming place for newcomers, with support for high levels of immigration unaffected by dips in the economy, international terrorism or other events linked to specific ethnic groups.
Over the past 20 years, Canada has accepted about 250,000 "permanent immigrants" annually, author Jeffrey Reitz, an immigration and ethnic studies professor at the University of Toronto. In 2010, the country posted its highest figures in 50 years: more than 280,000 people.
"This support has been consistently high over the past 15 to 20 years when immigration levels have also been high," states a release issued by the IRPP. "It is particularly strong among more educated Canadians, the young, the fully employed and men."
About 58 per cent of people in the country support current levels of immigration, stated the report, titled "Pro-immigration Canada: Social and Economic Roots of Popular Views."
Atlantic Canada, Quebec and the Prairies outshone the rest of Canada, with more than 62 per cent support.
"There's majority support in every region," Reitz told CTVNews.ca on Tuesday. "It used to be thought that Alberta was a bit reluctant on immigration, but whatever was the case in the past is no longer true."
Both Ontario and British Columbia showed lower than average levels of support, but people in those provinces' most immigrant-rich cities, Toronto and Vancouver, showed enthusiasm for immigration that was above average.
"Where there are more immigrants, people are a bit cool to the idea of adding even more immigrants," Reitz explained. "The question asked wasn't ‘Do we like immigration?' It was ‘How do you feel about changing the levels of immigration?' If you're in an area where there's a lot of immigration, your view to adding more might be a bit restrained."
Between one third and one half of the country's newcomers settle in Toronto.
The study looked at trends in public attitudes and data from an Environics survey conducted last November, which asked Canadians questions how much immigration they are comfortable with, and to explain the conditions under which immigrants are most likely to succeed.
It found Canadians see newcomers as both an economic benefit and a cultural one, noting multiculturalism remains one of the country's main sources of national pride.
"Few see immigration as one of Canada's most significant problems," states the study. "The survey data show that support for multiculturalism is rooted in a broader, socially progressive agenda that includes issues such as gay rights and gun control, which themselves reinforce pro-immigration attitudes. Nevertheless, many Canadians would like immigrants to blend into society rather than form separate communities."
The study found Canadians see acceptance of immigrants as distinct from our neighbours to the south, providing a national identity in a country often looking to set itself apart.
Indeed, when compared to the United States, where there is a fence along large parts of the southern border and a proposal for one on its north, the lack of debate on the merits of immigration in Canada speaks volumes.
"In the party leaders' debate preceding the May 2011 election, a voter posed a question on immigration and multiculturalism. Each of the four prime ministerial candidates attempted to adopt the most pro-immigration position," states the report.
"All Canadian political parties espouse pro-immigration policies, and the public rarely asks them to defend these policies.
"Canada is an exception to the negative attitude toward immigration that prevails in most other industrialized countries, an attitude that has received much attention, particularly in the United States, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and France."
"Canadians were more likely to see immigration as an opportunity than as a problem."


Read more: http://www.ctv.ca/CTVNews/Canada/20111018/canadians-still-support-high-immigration-levels-111018/#ixzz1bBBTRhtu

Canada proposes new language test requirements for citizenshipProvided by iPolitics Staff

Becoming a Canadian citizen is about to get a little harder after the government served notice it plans to require that applicants pass a language test as well as the existing citizenship test.
In a notice published Saturday in the Canada Gazette requesting comments, the Citizenship and Immigration department says applicants between the ages of 18 and 54 will have to submit proof that they can mastered English or French to at least the Canadian Language Benchmark Level 4.
However, unlike recent changes to the immigration rules which came under fire for requiring those whose first languages were English or French to pay for language tests, the proposed citizenship rules will allow candidates to submit alternative evidence such as proof they completed their secondary or post-secondary education in English or French.
The proposed changes also spell out that the testing include listening and speaking skills.
Currently, the government uses the citizenship test and the candidates’ interaction with government officials to judge whether they speak English or French well enough to meet the language requirements for citizenship.
Announcing the plan, Citizenship and Immigration Minister Jason Kenney said the move is intended to improve the ability of new citizens to settle and integrate into Canadian society.
“The ability to communicate effectively in either French or English is key to the success of new citizens in Canada,” Kenney said in a statement. “This change will encourage applicants to ensure that they can speak English or French when they apply for citizenship, thereby improving the integrity and effectiveness of the citizenship program for Canada and for new Canadians alike.”
Government officials say the move is a popular one with citizenship court judges and will allow the judges to focus their attention on assessing other areas of an application, rather than try to determine whether candidates can communicate well enough in English or French.
The move is expected to affect an estimated 134,000 a year.
Cathryn Sawicki, an immigration lawyer in Toronto, says the move will primarily affect refugees, family class immigrants and those allowed to immigrate to Canada on humanitarian and compassionate grounds. Under recent rule changes, most classes of immigrants already have to pass a language test before being allowed to come to Canada in the first place, she pointed out.
Sawicki said it means it will be harder for some people to become Canadian citizens.
“Sometime you have individuals who are illiterate. So they may not do very well on the written test but perhaps their ability in spoken English is much better so when they go to the hearing they do better there. It may not be Canadian Language Benchmark 4 but that does not mean that they should not be given this privilege.”
Sawicki said the language testing also creates two classes of newcomers to Canada.
“It’s creating a divide in society between the individuals who are highly educated. Those who have had the privilege of education and the luxury of being able to learn to read and write versus refugees or family class individuals who may not have had the same privilege but still contribute to society.”
Winnipeg lawyer David Matas says the move transfers the cost of language assessment, currently born by the government, to applicants. While it benefits the bureaucracy, it can cost hundreds of dollars to get language testing done, he pointed out.
Those who want to comment on the proposal, will have 30 days to do so before the government moves to change the current regulations.
elizabeththompson@ipolitics.ca

10 myths about immigration in Canada


  • By Danielle Wong, Profiles by Vidya Kauri
A quarter of Hamilton's current residents are born outside the country and Statistics Canada anticipates that figure will jump 3 per cent by 2031.
But despite that large percentage, newcomers settling into their lives still encounter discrimination and social exclusion and don't always feel welcome. There are common beliefs and assumptions about newcomers that make their integration more difficult.
The Spectator asked local settlement workers, city staff and ethnic community leaders to highlight the top myths about immigrants they come across. We arrived at 10 common misconceptions and attitudes and looked to address them with recent research.
The City of Hamilton recognizes both the necessity of attracting immigrants and the challenges they face when they arrive here. The Hamilton Immigration Partnership Council (HIPC) was created in 2009 to “strengthen, broaden and enlarge” the presence of immigrants in the city. The process involves identifying and addressing problems that newcomers face as well as showcasing immigrants' contributions to the community.
Citizenship and Immigration Canada recently held a series of cross-country consultations with stakeholders and the public to determine appropriate immigration levels and a suitable mix of economic class, family class and protected persons.
Rather than being just a big-city phenomenon, more than a quarter of the Canadian population in total is expected to be foreign-born in 30 years. A federal government backgrounder says Canada needs to increase immigration to almost 4 per cent of our population from the current 0.8 per cent to support our “old-age dependency ratio.”
“There are lots of myths and misconceptions around immigrants and immigration,” HIPC program manager Tim Rees said, adding these perceptions exist because immigration changes “the nature of our community” and affects our personal identity.
“There's always a fear of the unknown,” he said.
Dr. Bruce Newbold, a professor of geography at McMaster University who has studied the subject of immigrants and homelessness, cites another reason.
“You hear the worst cases. They are the cases that get brought to our attention. But you never hear the good pieces associated with (immigrants). The arguments that run counter to those myths — we hear those less.”
Success stories are important for demonstrating that newcomers are valuable to the city, Rees said. “They contribute to the economy and they contribute in all sorts of other ways as well — to the social and cultural lives and
vibrancy of the city.”
Here are 10 typical assumptions about newcomers and stories of immigrants who have defied them.
Myths
1. Immigrants steal jobs from residents born in Canada
The disavowal of foreign credentials or work experience often makes it difficult for newcomers to compete with others who have lived in the area longer.
The unemployment rate among recent immigrants in Hamilton in 2006 was 11.5 per cent. That’s twice as high as the rate for nonimmigrants. The gap in employment becomes smaller the longer the newcomer lives in Canada.
Almost half of recent immigrant families to Hamilton have an income below $40,000 and have a child poverty rate of more than 50 per cent, the highest of any subpopulation in the city.
Immigrant women, in particular, have a difficult experience finding work, as the unemployment rates for women in this group between ages 15 and 24 was about 19.9 per cent in 2006. This figure was twice the rate for women in this age range born in Canada.
Christine Wong, a settlement support worker with the St. Joseph’s Immigrant Women’s Centre, knows many immigrants who have lowered their standards when it comes to finding jobs and have taken positions that pay about 30 per cent less than the mainstream wages.
“We are at a disadvantage when we compete for jobs with the locals … We don’t have the local experience,” she said, adding many workplaces do not recognize foreign credentials. In fact, more than half of newcomers to Hamilton end up working entry-level jobs such as food-counter attendants, truck drivers and cashiers.
2. Newcomers are a drain on society, are lazy and tend to live off social assistance
Recent immigrants living in poverty depend less on social assistance and more on family support than other impoverished Canadians.
Only 16 per cent of immigrant families living in poverty were receiving social assistance benefits in 2004, compared to 33 per cent of Canadian-born low-income families who received benefits from social assistance programs.
That year, a third of low-income working-age recent immigrants were considered working poor, just a bit higher than the 27 per cent of other low-income persons who reported enough hours to be considered part of the working poor group.
Statistics suggest that immigrants bring skills and education and want to use them as quickly and “effectively” as they can, said Tim Rees, the city’s program manager of immigration. “And it’s difficult. There are barriers,” he said. “They want to work. They want to feel part of our community.”
A report released in 2007 revealed that the percentage of low-income, recent immigrant adults who had work-limiting disabilities was 11 per cent, significantly lower than the 26 per cent of other low-income Canadians who could not work because of their disabilities.
The definition of “immigrant” comes into play again in this discussion, Wong said.
Refugee claimants tend to rely on social assistance more because of the language and education barriers to finding employment, but many people do not differentiate between them and other categories of newcomers, she said.
But 60 per cent of newcomers recruited by Citizenship and Immigration Canada fall within economic class, while 26 per cent are family class and 14 per cent are refugees.
3. Newcomers to Canada are unskilled or uneducated
Actually, immigrants tend to come into the country with more education than their Canadian-born counterparts.
In 2006, more than half of the recent immigrants reported having university degrees, while only 19 per cent of the Canadian population had obtained one. Fewer immigrants were also without a high school diploma (9 per cent) compared to the Canadian average of 23 per cent.
In Hamilton, almost 40 per cent of working-age newcomers arriving in the city from 2003 to 2008 had a university degree or higher. More than 10 per cent had a master’s degree and 2.5 per cent had a doctorate.
This means that these recent immigrants were twice as likely to have a university degree, compared to other Hamiltonians ages 15 to 64.
Furthermore, reports show that low-income recent immigrants have usually completed higher levels of education compared to most other low-income adults.
In 2007, more than a third of immigrants considered to be in the low-income category had a university degree, while most other low-income adults had not graduated from high school and only 12 per cent had completed university.
Studies have shown that recent immigrants are also much more likely to be overqualified for their jobs and to stay overqualified in their employment positions for longer than Canadian-born residents.
A Statistics Canada report released in 2006 found more than 50 per cent of immigrants who had been in Canada 10 years or less with a university degree had worked in a job requiring only a high school education.
In comparison, 28 per cent of the Canadian-born population was found in the same situation.
However, an estimated 40 per cent of immigrants to Canada are working in the field for which they received training. For example, in 2008, more than 21 per cent of all physicians practicing in Canada were trained outside of the country.
In 2007, more than 6,000 entrepreneurs and investors became permanent residents in the country.
4. There are too many
Canada’s population is expected to increase to 35 million by 2015, but this is actually a decrease in annual growth rate.
While the rate between 1996 and 2005 was 1.1 per cent, the figure for the span between 2006 and 2015 is expected to be 0.9 per cent. This is attributed to the decline in the natural increase in population, which is births minus deaths, caused by low fertility rates and the slower increase in life expectancy.
International migration made up two-thirds of the country’s population growth in 2006. And immigration is expected to contribute to the country’s population growth, accounting for about 67.5 per cent of the population increase by 2015, cumulatively.
As the population grows, so will the country’s labour force. By 2031, it is expected to grow to a number between 20.5 million and 22.5 million people, up from 18.5 million in 2010.
In that same time frame, about a third of the labour force is expected to be foreign-born. In Ontario, this figure is projected to be 41 per cent.
But if Canada closed its doors to immigrants over the next two decades, the labour force would be reduced to less than 18 million by 2031 and start shrinking in 2017.
Locally, Hamilton does not have enough locally-raised people to fill the 29,000 jobs expected to be created by economic expansion and 21,000 positions made available because of retirement between 2006 and 2016.
5. Immigrants do not know how to speak English or do not want to learn to speak it
Almost all recent newcomers to Hamilton have a knowledge of one of Canada’s two official languages. About 92 per cent of immigrants arriving between 2001 and 2006 knew English or French.
About 30 per cent of immigrants say they speak English or French at home, while 62 per cent speak another language. The remaining newcomers speak a combination of official and other languages in their homes.
A Statistics Canada study released in 2005 found 58 per cent of recent immigrants surveyed said they were able to speak English well or very well after being in the country for six months. After four years, 69 per cent reported this level of English proficiency.
The more proficient an immigrant’s English is, the better the chances are of being employed. Those who reported speaking English well or very well were more likely to be hired in an “appropriate” job than those who indicated speaking the language at a lower level.
Italian is the most-spoken unofficial language in Hamilton.
Eighty per cent of the over a million newcomers to arrive between 2001 and 2006 spoke something other than English or French as their first language. The largest linguistic increases were the Chinese dialects — which were Canada’s third-most common mother tongue group — Punjabi, Arabic, Urdu, Tagalog and Tamil.
However, many times the myth that immigrants cannot speak English is based on an assumption about the newcomer’s accent, says Arsim Aliu, the YMCA’s immigrant settlement services program manager. “In fact, that person speaks very well in English, (but) you create that perception based on that person’s look or where they come from.”
Proficiency in one of the two languages is one of the six selection factors for skilled workers, who are assessed on their ability to listen, speak, read and write in English or French.
Skilled workers and professionals have to do an approved language test.
6. Immigrants increase the crime rates in the neighbourhoods in which they live
Research indicates that immigrants to Canada have lower overall crime rates than those who are nonimmigrants.
Furthermore, as the number of newcomers to Canada surges, overall crime in the country has continued to drop.
A study in the 1990s by the Correctional Service of Canada found that immigrants in all regions and age groups were under-represented among those serving two or more years in federal penitentiaries.
Stereotypes linking ethnic minorities and crime are formed because the issue of racial visibility, Wong said. “Because immigrants are visible — by their names, their look or their skin colour, people just jump to conclusions: ‘Oh, they are immigrants. They are criminals.’”
In fact, the immigrant is often used as the scapegoat for dominant society’s anxieties over identity, Rees said. “We don’t have the comfort level, the confidence necessarily, to live in a diverse and multicultural, multireligious community,” he said.
“And, partly, it’s our own insecurities and so the immigrant is an easy target.”
7. Immigrants do not want to integrate into “Canadian society”
Immigrants are more likely to become Canadian citizens than eligible newcomers in other similar countries.
A study published in 2005 found that 84 per cent of immigrants who had lived in Canada for at least three years were Canadian citizens in 2001. Meanwhile, in the U.K., only half of the immigrants who had lived in the country for five years were British citizens, and only 40 per cent of foreign-born residents had become citizens in the States.
Eligible African and Asian immigrants in Canada are more likely to obtain citizenship than those coming from the U.S. or Europe.
According to the 2006 census, 73 per cent of people born in another country have become Canadian citizens. In Hamilton, 80 per cent of immigrants have obtained citizenship.
“Compared to other countries, immigrants become Canadian citizens at a much higher rate than other places and as soon as they possibly can, as soon as they’re eligible,” Rees said.
“In terms of level of enthusiasm and level of commitment on the part of newcomers, they absolutely want to be part of Canadian society and identify strongly with Canadian society. And the symbolic importance of becoming a Canadian citizen is a good measure of that commitment.”
Rees also pointed to the increasing trend of mixed marriages in the country as an interesting phenomenon.
According to Statistics Canada, the number of mixed-race married and common-law couples had increased by a third in 2006 compared to 2001. The large majority of these couples were of a white person and a visible minority. Japanese people were the most likely to be part of a mixed union.
8. Newcomers are all the same; they all come with similar experiences
There are various definitions of immigrants and refugees.
An economic immigrant is selected based on his or her skills and ability to contribute to the country’s economy. This category includes skilled workers, business people and provincial nominees. About 41 per cent of the immigrants who came to Hamilton from 2003 to 2008 were in the economic class.
Family class immigrants consist of close relatives of a sponsor in Canada, including spouses, common-law partners or conjugal partners, dependent children, parents and grandparents. About 27 per cent of the immigrants to Hamilton from 2003 to 2008 were in this class.
Business immigrants include there groups: entrepreneurs, self-employed people and investors. Business immigrants’ permanent residency status is assessed on their ability to establish themselves economically in Canada.
A convention refugee is a person who is outside of the country they originally lived in because they are unable or, by reason of fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a social group of political opinion, unwilling to return.
Government-assisted refugees are selected for resettlement in the country as members of the Humanitarian-protected Persons Abroad classes and receive assistance from Ottawa.
A refugee protection claimant is someone seeking the protection of Canada upon arrival. He or she can apply for permanent residence when a final ruling is made that he or she is a “protected person.”
Privately-sponsored refugees are not sponsored by the government but are selected from abroad and receive resettlement assistance from other sources.
Foreign workers are in the country on a temporary basis and must have employment authorization.
9. Newcomers seclude themselves in geographical clusters or ghettos in cities
A 2004 Statistics Canada study that examined the three largest metropolitan areas in the country noted a large increase in the tendency of visible minorities to live in the same neighbourhood. But this trend is not about a desire to be separated from mainstream society.
Within these cities, minority neighbourhoods — which are areas in which a single visible minority group makes up more than 30 per cent of the population — exploded in a decade, rising to 254 in 2001, up from the six that existed in 1981.
The report found that the development of these neighbourhoods was largely due to the population growth through immigration over the past 20 years. The residential concentration of South Asians in Montreal and Vancouver and Chinese people in Toronto made up more than 40 per cent of the increased tendency to live within “own group” neighbourhoods.
But research shows the expansion of ethnic neighbourhoods is more a product of the increasing percentage of the group’s share in the city’s population than a rise in its overall residential concentration. Co-residence of members from different groups is a common feature in these neighbourhoods.
The concentration of newcomers in a particular geographical area does not mean they do not want to be included in mainstream society, Rees said.
“Partly it’s the housing market,” he said. “Newcomers (are) struggling with finding jobs and don’t have much money so they’re looking for the cheapest places to live. So there’s a tendency to congregate as a consequence of the housing market rather than an inclination to want to live within their own community.”
In Hamilton, there are various districts in which immigrants have established communities and ethnic-based businesses over the years. For example, one out of five people in Stoney Creek have an Italian background. In the section bordered by Green Road, Barton Street, Millen Road and Highway 8, 38 per cent of the population is of Italian descent.
In city’s North End, the neighbourhood bounded by Cannon Street and York Boulevard to the water from and from Wentworth Street to the high-level bridge, is 19 per cent Portuguese heritage.
Immigrants also live together because it provides them with more support from others who speak their language, Wong said. “For other lookers … they might assume they like to live together (because) they are not sociable with Canadian society. But it’s not true. It’s because of the social supports they get from their own community, mainly that’s the reason,” she said.
10. Newcomers receive special treatment (i.e. the social assistance they receive is higher than some Canadians’ wages, they don’t have to pay taxes)
“It’s very easy to use newcomers and immigrants as an easy population to blame, to ignore, to dismiss, to think that they’re getting unfair advantage over the rest of us. And they don’t,” Rees said.
Immigrants are required to pay the same taxes as all Canadian citizens and must also declare their income from all sources both from within the country and outside. They are also entitled to the same tax credits as other Canadians, including the Child Tax Benefit and the HST credit. They do not receive additional tax credits.
While low-income recent immigrants in 2004 seemed to be better off than other Canadians in terms of their income situation — they would have needed 32.5 per cent more family income to escape poverty while other low-income Canadians would have needed a 36.7 per cent raise — immigrant families were less reliant on social assistance than others in the category.
The federal government provides several programs to help refugees settle into their new country. The assistance available is often not long-term and not given to those who can sustain themselves or their families.
The resettlement assistance program, for example, helps refugees pay for temporary accommodation, basic household items and general orientation for up to one year or until they become self-sufficient.
The immigration loans program lends out funds to refugees for travel documents, transportation to Canada and costs of medical examinations abroad. Loans are awarded based on the applicants’ situation and their ability to pay it back with interest.
In addition, the interim federal health program is for refugee claimants, resettled refugees and victims of human trafficking who are unable to pay for health care. Parties receive benefits under this program until they are eligible for provincial coverage or a private health plan.
Sources: Statistics Canada, Hamilton Immigration Partnership Council, Human Resources and Skills Development Canada, Hamilton’s Vital Signs

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